Novel KV7 ion channel openers for the treatment of epilepsy and implications for detrusor tissue contraction

Neuronal voltage-gated potassium channels, K_V7s, are the molecular mediators of the M current and regulate membrane excitability in the central and peripheral neuronal systems. Herein, we report novel small molecule K_V7 openers that demonstrate anti-seizure activities in electroshock and pentylenetetrazol-induced seizure models without influencing Rotarod readouts in mice. The anti-seizure activity was determined to be proportional to the unbound concentration in the brain. K_V7 channels are also expressed in the bladder smooth muscle (detrusor) and activation of these channels may cause localized undesired effects. Therefore, the impact of individual K_V7 isoforms was investigated in human detrusor tissue using a panel of K_V7 openers with distinct activity profiles among K_V7 isoforms. KCNQ4 and KCNQ5 mRNA were highly expressed in detrusor tissue, yet a compound that has significantly reduced activity on homomeric K_V7.4 did not reduce detrusor contraction. This may suggest that the homomeric K_V7.4 channel plays a less significant role in bladder contraction and further investigation is needed.     

Bladder cancer cell viability inhibition and apoptosis induction by baicalein through targeting the expression of anti-apoptotic genes

The study was aimed to investigate the effect of baicalein, a flavonoid molecule isolated from the plant Oroxylum indicum on bladder cancer cell viability. The results revealed that baicalein treatment of T24 and 253J bladder cancer cells targeted the expression of mRNA and proteins corresponding to the anti-apoptotic genes. RT-PCR assay showed that anti-apoptotic genes were markedly over-expressed in the bladder cancer cells. Exposure of the bladder cancer cells to baicalein at 5 mg/mL doses for 72 h led to reduction in the expression of mRNA levels of antiapoptotic genes. In T24 cells, the levels of BCL2, Bcl-xL, XIAP and surviving was reduced by 65, 69, 58 and 72%, respectively. In T24 and 253J cells exposure to baicalein for 72 h resulted respectively in 39 and 46% reduction in cell viability. Baicalein treatment also induced apoptosis in the bladder cancer cells. In T24 and 253J cells baicalein treatment at 5 mg/mL for 72 h induced apoptosis in 79 and 86% cells respectively. Thus, baicalein mediated reduction in antiapoptotic gene expression inhibits viability and induces apoptosis in bladder cancer cells. Therefore, baicalein is of therapeutic importance for the development of bladder cancer treatment strategy.     

腹腔镜膀胱癌根治术的治疗效果及对血清前梯度蛋白-2的影响及其意义

目的:探讨腹腔镜膀胱癌根治术的治疗效果及对血清前梯度蛋白-2(AGR2)的影响及其意义。方法:选取2013年3月～2016年5月我院收治的80例膀胱癌患者为研究对象,同时选取同期体检健康的志愿者30例作对照组。膀胱癌患者择期行腹腔镜根治术,观察手术时间、术中出血量、术后肠道排气时间、住院时间和术后并发症。采用ELISA法检测膀胱癌患者术前和术后4周血清AGR2水平的变化。术后随访至2017年12月25日,分析血清AGR2水平与患者总生存期(OS)和无进展生存期(PFS)的关系。结果:80例患者顺利完成腹腔镜根治术,无中转开放手术,无死亡,手术时间(359.8±45.7)min,术中出血量(423.8±109.4)mL,术后肠道排气时间(3.2±1.4)d,术后住院时间(12.9±2.4)d。膀胱癌患者术前血清AGR2水平显著高于对照组[(33.5±9.4) vs.(8.5±2.1)ng/m L,P0.05],术后4周血清AGR2较术前显著降低[(17.8±4.1) vs.(33.5±9.4) ng/mL,P0.05]。术后4周血清AGR2低水平患者PFS(23vs14月,P0.05)和OS (36vs23月,P0.05)均显著大于高水平患者(P0.05)。结论:腹腔镜膀胱癌根治术治疗效果满意,可显著降低患者血清AGR2水平。血清AGR2水平的变化有助于腹腔镜根治术的治疗效果和预后预测。     

miR-345靶向调控 TGM1抑制膀胱癌的初步研究

目的:探讨mi R-345调控TGM1表达影响膀胱癌的分子生物学机制。方法:首先,采用RT-qPCR检测T24和RT4细胞中mi R-345、TGM1的表达;再采用mi RNA-NC、mi R-345 mimic、NC inhibitor、mi R-345 inhibitor、control si RNA、si TGM1和pc-DNA3.1/TGM1等转染膀胱癌细胞;然后,采用MTT实验检测细胞增殖,Transwell实验检测细胞侵袭,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡,双荧光报告酶检测mi R-345的靶基因;最后,采用Western blot检测TGM1在细胞中的表达。结果:mi R-345在T24和RT4细胞中表达低于正常细胞(P0.05)。mi R-345过表达时,T24和RT4细胞的增殖侵袭能力减弱,细胞凋亡率上升;mi R-345表达沉默时,细胞增殖和侵袭能力增强,细胞凋亡率下降。双荧光报告基因检测结果显示TGM1为mi R-345的靶基因,mi R-345过表达抑制TGM1的表达(P0.05);mi R-345表达沉默时则表达上调(P0.05)。当TGM1表达沉默时,T24和RT4细胞的增殖和侵袭能力减弱,细胞凋亡率上升;TGM1过表达时该细胞的增殖和侵袭能力增强,细胞凋亡率下降。结论:mi R-345通过下调靶基因TGM1的表达,抑制膀胱癌细胞的增殖、侵袭并促进细胞凋亡。     

A component of green tea, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, promotes apoptosis in T24 human bladder cancer cells via modulation of the PI3K/Akt pathway and Bcl-2 family proteins

Bladder cancer is the fourth most common cancer in men and ninth most common in women. It has a protracted course of progression and is thus an ideal candidate for chemoprevention strategies and trials. This study was conducted to evaluate the chemopreventive/antiproliferative potential of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG, the major phytochemical in green tea) against bladder cancer and its mechanism of action. Using the T24 human bladder cancer cell line, we found that EGCG treatment caused dose- and time-dependent inhibition of cellular proliferation and cell viability, and induced apoptosis. Mechanistically, EGCG inhibits phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase/Akt activation that, in turn, results in modulation of Bcl-2 family proteins, leading to enhanced apoptosis of T24 cells. These findings suggest that EGCG may be an important chemoprevention agent for the management of bladder cancer.     

骨形成蛋白9对人膀胱癌BIU-87细胞增殖和迁移的影响

目的:人骨形成蛋白9(bone morphogenetic protein 9,BMP9)对人膀胱癌BIU-87细胞增殖和迁移的影响。方法:使用过表达BMP9基因的腺病毒(AdBMP9)感染BIU-87细胞,采用定量PCR检测BMP9 mRNA的表达,Western blot检测BMP9蛋白及BMP9下游相关信号通路蛋白的表达;MTT及集落形成实验检测BIU-87细胞增殖能力;划痕愈合实验及Transwell ^TM小室迁移实验检测BIU-87细胞迁移能力。结果:感染AdBMP9后,BIU-87细胞中BMP9的mRNA水平和蛋白质水平均显著增加;过表达BMP9后,BIU-87细胞的体外增殖和迁移能力明显增加;Western blot结果显示BMP9可明显激活AKT信号通路。结论:高表达BMP9可能通过激活AKT信号通路促进人膀胱癌BIU-87细胞的增殖和迁移。     

Stem cell biology in thyroid cancer: Insights for novel therapies

Currently, thyroid cancer is one of the most common endocrine cancer in the United States. A recent involvement of sub-population of stem cells, cancer stem cells, has been proposed in different histological types of thyroid cancer. Because of their ability of self-renewal and differentiation into various specialized cells in the body, these putative cells drive tumor genesis, metastatic activity and are responsible to provide chemo- and radioresistant nature to the cancer cells in the thyroid gland. Our Review was conducted from previously published literature to provide latest apprises to investigate the role of embryonic, somatic and cancer stem cells, and discusses the hypothesis of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Different methods for their identification and isolation through stemness markers using various in vivo and in vitro methods such as flow cytometry, thyrosphere formation assay, aldehyde dehydrogenase activity and ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 efflux-pump mediated Hoechst 33342 dye exclusion have been discussed. The review also outlines various setbacks that still remain to target these tumor initiating cells. Future perspectives of therapeutic strategies and their potential to treat advanced stages of thyroid cancer are also disclosed in this review.     

Cordycepin causes p21WAF1-mediated G2/M cell-cycle arrest by regulating c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation in human bladder cancer cells

Cordycepin (3′-deoxyadenosine), a bioactive compound of Cordycepsmilitaris, has many pharmacological activities. The present study reveals novel molecular mechanisms for the anti-tumor effects of cordycepin in two different bladder cancer cell lines, 5637 and T-24 cells. Cordycepin treatment, at a dose of 200 μM (IC₅₀) during cell-cycle progression resulted in significant and dose-dependent growth inhibition, which was largely due to G2/M-phase arrest, and resulted in an up-regulation of p21WAF1 expression, independent of the p53 pathway. Moreover, treatment with cordycepin-induced phosphorylation of JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinases). Blockade of JNK function using SP6001259 (JNK-specific inhibitor) and small interfering RNA (si-JNK1) rescued cordycepin-dependent p21WAF1 expression, inhibited cell growth, and decreased cell cycle proteins. These results suggest that cordycepin could be an effective treatment for bladder cancer.     

欧前胡素调节Gas6/Axl轴对膀胱癌荷瘤小鼠免疫功能的影响

摘要 目的：探讨欧前胡素（IMP）调节生长停滞特异蛋白6（Gas6）/Axl轴对膀胱癌荷瘤小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法：从60只SPF级雄性C57BL/6小鼠中随机选取12只小鼠作为对照组（CON组）,其余小鼠平均分为Model组、IMP组、Gas6组、IMP+Gas6组,每组12只,往其左侧前肢皮下注射0.2 mL浓度为1×10⁷个/mL的鼠源性膀胱癌肿瘤细胞系T739细胞溶液（Model组和IMP组注射对照载体的T739稳转株细胞,Gas6组和IMP+Gas6组注射过表达Gas6的T739稳转细胞株）造模。造模成功后,IMP组及IMP+Gas6组通过腹腔注射5 mg/kg的IMP;CON组、Model组及Gas6组通过腹腔注射等量的生理盐水,2天1次,持续5次。测量小鼠肿瘤体积和重量;测定胸腺指数和脾脏指数;酶联免疫吸附测定（ELISA）法检测血清白介素2（IL-2）、γ干扰素（IFN-γ）、血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）水平;苏木精-伊红（HE）染色检查肿瘤组织病理变化;流式细胞术检测T细胞亚群;TUNEL染色检测细胞凋亡;蛋白质印迹法（Western blot）检测Gas6/Axl通路相关蛋白表达。结果：Model组肿瘤细胞整体上排列松散,出现不同程度的核固缩、核碎裂现象;IMP则可以逆转该现象,使肿瘤细胞排列重新变得紧密,细胞核固缩程度提升,核碎裂现象降低;Model组较CON组肿瘤体积、肿瘤质量、CD8⁺细胞百分比、Gas6、Axl蛋白水平、VEGF水平显著增加（P<0.05）,胸腺指数和脾脏指数、IL-2、IFN-γ、CD4⁺细胞百分比、CD4⁺/CD8⁺、肿瘤细胞凋亡率显著下降（P<0.05）;与Model组相比,IMP组胸腺指数和脾脏指数、IL-2、IFN-γ、CD4⁺细胞百分比、CD4⁺/CD8⁺、肿瘤细胞凋亡率显著升高（P<0.05）,肿瘤体积、肿瘤质量、CD8⁺细胞百分比、Gas6、Axl蛋白水平、VEGF水平显著下降（P<0.05）;而Gas6组结果与IMP组趋势相反;而IMP+Gas6组的结果显示：IMP能逆转Gas6过表达后对膀胱癌荷瘤小鼠的促瘤作用。结论：IMP可能通过下调Gas6/Axl信号通路改善膀胱癌荷瘤小鼠免疫功能,从而产生抑瘤效果。